Emergence and Decline of ISIS: Lesson from the State of Maharashtra
Abstract
Terrorism in India is a
multifaceted occurrence with several perpetrators. Whenever we discuss
terrorism and future challenges since 2014 Syria and Iraq has been a hot topic
in the world. In this paper, the author tries to discuss all aspects of this
topics, such as the emergence of an Islamic State (IS), its decline, the
conditions of Islamic State in South Asia, the usage of this by social media
and internet to radicalize youth, Islamic state in Maharashtra and other states
of India and deradicalization efforts in Maharashtra. Syria has been in a civil
war since 2011 and Iraq is in a kind of anarchy since the USA invaded in 2003.
But, the reason to worry for the world is the emergence of a new danger, namely
the Islamic State. In the beginning militants, allegiance with IS was to create
own space in Iraq and fighting against Syria’s Assad regime. But, IS leadership
made clear soon that; they want to create Caliphate and asked Muslim youth from
all over the world to join them. Of course, within few months, IS controlled
area of hundreds of square kilometers and with a new weapon of social media to
contact these youths. Nevertheless to say that, IS succeeding to attract
thousands of youths from all countries. Including India, youths from West Asia,
North Africa, Europe, South Asia, South-East Asia joined IS. As well, we
witnessed many attacks in Europe, Australia, Africa, Bangladesh and even in the
USA.
This article is an
attempt to describe the nature and the effects of IS lead terrorism in the
global society and the role of two countries such as Iraq and Syria. In
addition to this, this paper clearly explain the emergence of IS, the critical
role of United States in defending these issues, the new trends, and
methodologies adopted in spreading ISIS activities in the developing
countries,etc,
Introduction
West Asia is the most
complex region in the world and therefore conflict in Syria too complicated.
Interview of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad to the French weekly ‘Paris
Match’ explains the complicated nature of this situation. Underlined the words
stated by the Syrian President,‘This is not a war between to militaries, which
include the certain area of one nation and another of the second nation. But,
we are fighting against terrorist, who are hiding in villages, in cities. This
war will continue for years, and it is the most difficult one.’[i]
With the help of Iran and Russia, Assad succeeds to retain his government. IS
is shrunk to an area of few kilometers. But their sleeper cells are active and
attacking parts of Syria. So, the danger of IS is still looming in the world.
‘Terrorism is psychological warfare; it includes massive attacks on a civil,
military or any other system which is not prepared for warfare. The basic
intention for such an attack is to create fear and terror in society.’[ii]
Emergence and expansion are emphasizing this definition of terrorism. IS was at
a peak in 2014, and it has a continuous decline since 2015. Now, it has a very
limited existence in Syria. But, it created footprints in Afghanistan and other
few countries. Also, it has their sleeper cells in many countries too. In
India, youths from many states including Maharashtra went to Syria, fighting
for IS. Online radicalization is a new challenge of today’s world, and social
media is a new weapon of such terrorist organization. There have been
continuous efforts to deradicalize these youths. Maharashtra has ample success
in deradicalization process. Since 2016, almost 350 youths from Maharashtra has
been deradicalized. It is most important that these youth should remain in the
main flow of society.
Emergence
of ISIS
West Asia has been a
volatile region since the First World War. This region is oil-rich and has
geopolitical importance. Therefore each part of the world has to consider every
single movement and event of West Asia, as like the emergence of IS. When we
think about the emergence of IS, we get five basic reasons behind it:
Complex
Equations of West Asia:
Since the Second World
War, every nation of West Asia wants to be a regional power. This list includes
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Turkey, Qatar, etc. To fulfill this ambition,
these countries try increasing military strength as well they pump thousands of
dollars to terrorist organizations or non-state actors (like Hezbollah, Hamas,
and Muslim Brotherhood,etc.)
The
cold war between Shia-Sunni:
Muslim world has
divided into two parts Sunni and Shia. West Asia’s 85 percent population is
Sunni. The Shia population comprises about 12-15 percent and spread around
Iran-Iraq. The tension between Shia and Sunni is historical. Both sides try to
increase influence,and it has resulted in a cold war. We can see this cold war
in conflicts of Syria, Yemen, and Iraq, etc.
Artificial
Formation of States:
During the First World
War, Britain and France gave many promises to many different groups from this
region for an independent nation. In between, these both powers linked a secret
pact, the Sykes-Picot Pact. Due to this pact, the region has divided into
artificial countries; e.g. Kurds is the largest ethnic group without a country.
Not a single group satisfied with this pact and they felt betrayed and followed
paths of violence.
Formation
of Israel:
While dodging to
Palestine, Britain announced a separate nation for Jews, in 1916. Britain wants
help from strong Jews lobby, during world wars. After the Second World War, the
official announcement of Israel, fuels feelings of West Asia. Arab countries
fought many wars against Israel, but they could not succeed. These failures
create discontent among common Arab citizens, and this frustration leads to
violence.
Interference
of the USA:
Continuous interference
of the USA in the region is also a reason for discontent among them. The USA
backs Israel unconditionally with the military power and Veto. The USA becomes
the savior for Israel, at each front of the international forum. The USA’s
attitude towards West Asia is an irritant, since the USA has attacked in West
Asia 17 times. Of course, the USA’s air power is supreme. No one from West Asia
can retaliate, so frustrated youth choose the strategy to counter with sudden
attacks.[iii]
In general, the feeling is that Arabs are in the majority in this region, but
they are victims of corrupt Western countries and Israel. It is creating achallenge
to the culture of West Asia. If we want to end it, then the only option is of
terrorism,andthe general public feels assassination is the easiest way.[iv]
The current system in
West Asia has been developed in the last century, and it is now about to
collapse. In between a vacuum has developed and the non-State actors are trying
to fill this space. IS’s declaration of Caliphate is an example of it.[v]
Many people feel that
the roots of IS are in the 1992 Gulf war. In that war, The USA and its allies
defeated Irag, but the USA avoided power transition. Thomas Friedman said,
‘George W. Bush (Sr.) was doubtful to replace Saddam. Bush was unable to assess
the impact after such power transition. Kurd was a strong contender for the
benefit, but it was not in favor of Turkey. On the other hand, Iraq is a Shia
majority. But, naturally, this Shia population has a cultural and religious
connection with hostile Iran. Therefore, the USA chooses an option to maintain
the picture the same.[vi]
But, the USA government never tried to make stable this regime. It curbs Iraq’s
economy and sanctions Iraq’s to sell oil in the international market. There
were 14 times an international sanction on Iraq since 1945 and 12 of them was
after the end of the cold war.[vii]
It is important to know
how the USA was acting in Iraq. But, System went out of control when the USA
invaded Iraq in 2003. It storms Shia-Sunni conflict in Iraq. After toppling
Saddam regime, Noori al-Maliki becomes Prime Minister,and it was the first time
in history, Shia came in power in Iraq. This new government’s policy continues
to increase the gap between Shia and Sunni. Even, Sunni didn’t get their share
in the government, what was promised during the operation against Saddam. Especially,
after 2006’s bomb blast in Golden Mosque of Samara, Shia-Sunni conflict intensifies,and
the rift is continued.[viii]
After toppling Saddam regime, the USA had wind up Iraq’s army and unseated all
Bath party members. So, Iraq had a total leadership vacuum. There was no
administration or system to maintain law and order.[ix]
To take advantage of discontent between Sunni’s Al-Qaeda was trying to organize
jihadi groups from Iraq. It succeeded in 2006 with the leadership of Abu Musab
al-Zarqawi. After Zarqawi, Abu Ayub Al-Masri and Abu Omar were leading this
group. Al-Masri proposed a concept of the Islamic State in Iraq (ISI). This
both self-claimed leaders killed in the joint operations of the US and Iraqi
army in April 2010, near Tikrit. When the US army asked both of them to
surrender, but they blasted self. After this, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi took the
leadership of them. ISI Baghdadi was a member of an armed group, which was
fighting against the USA. He was arrested by the US force in February 2004 and
kept in Camp Bucca, a jail near Bagdad and it began contact between Baghdadi
and Zarqawi’s group. During these ten months, Baghdadi became a leader of these
inmates. He used to argue, if no American is in this jail, then American will
not be in IS.[x]
Beginning of 2011, Arab
Spring turmoil’s whole West Asia. In Syria, a large protest against Bashar
Assad regime began. Baghdadi saw an opportunity,and he sent a group of his men
in Syria. Actually, in Syria Al-Queda’s aligned group Jabhas al-Nusra had been
active. So, Ayeman al-Jawahiri directed Baghdadi to co-ordinate them. It
started tension between these two groups. Within few months Baghdadi’s then ISI
has captured some area of eastern Syria. In April 2013 he renamed his
organization as Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL), which is also known as
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). Within a few months, ISIS captured a
large portion of Syria and Iraq. On 5" June 2014, ISIS captured Mosul,
second largest city of Iraq and everybody feels worrisome condition. And within
a few weeks, on 29" June 2014 Baghdadi declared Caliphate, from Mosul. (It
was the last public appearance of Baghdadi.) Since then, he renamed ISIS as
Islamic State only and declared to expand it. When ISIS was at its peak, in 2014-15,
it has an area of 40 thousand square kilometers. It has at least 31 thousand
militants were fighting, with heavy weaponry. It has a corpus of $2 billion and
around 80 lakh people were living in the area under control of IS.[xi]
As the situation in
Syria was complex, the fight against IS was also complex. Allied forces under
the leadership of the USA, initially was asserting to topple Assad. But, they
changed their preferences and fighting against IS became a topmost priority. On
the other hand, Iran and later Russia came to rescue Assad. Russia’s aerial
attacks and Iran’s all form help also rescued Assad. Other Anti-Assad group
fought to eliminate IS’s menace. In a result, now IS is washed away in Iraq and
Syria, it is in few pockets.
The Decline of ISIS and Current Status
The lead inspector
general for operation Inherent Resolve, the US military campaign against the IS
in Syria and Iraq, said in his latest report, released Nov. 5, that the IS had
lost all of the territories it had once held in Iraq and 99 percent of the
territory it once held in Syria.[xii]
Although IS has wiped out from its most of area, those tracking the group says
IS is still capable of carrying out sophisticated strikes far from its
shrinking pocket of control in Deir Ezzour province in eastern Syria. In the
northern part of Syria, IS sleeper cell did attack in Manbij on 16 January 2019
that killed a dozen people including 4 American.[xiii]
A year ago, the US-led coalition said, there were less than 3000 IS militants.
But, a United Nations report released in August estimated the group’s
membership still numbered between 20,000 to 30,000 in Syria and Iraq.
It is sure that IS, is
now nothing but a multination terrorist organization. It has little existence
in Syria, but, it spreads in many African countries as well as Asian countries
too. Afghanistan is now the new center of IS. The group has developed a
stronghold in Nangarhar, on Afghanistan’s porous eastern border with Pakistan
and become one of the most dangerous militant groups. The local affiliate of
IS, sometimes known as Islamic State Khorasan (ISIS-K) after an old name for
the region that includes Afghanistan, has been active since 2015, fighting the
Taliban as well as Afghan and US forces. The exact number of IS fighters in
Afghanistan is difficult to calculate because they frequently switch
allegiances, but the US military estimates there are about 2,000.[xiv]
As, India’s former
ambassador in Syria Rajendra Abhyankar says, ‘whatever action would be, ISIS
will not end soon. ISIS’s attraction to youth in the Arab world and non-Islamic
youth in the West and round the world is a manifestation of deep-seated
middle-class frustration and needs to be understood comprehensively.[xv]
He also asked that ‘any strategy against ISIS should have political and
ideological dimensions.’ Basic concerns about IS is that it attracted youths
from all over the world and each section of societies. It has been using
technology, internet, and social media handsomely. Therefore, the emergence and
decline of IS is a lesson for all of us.
ISIS
in Maharashtra and other parts of India
India has been a victim
of terrorism for many years and Pakistan is behind them is an open secret.
Especially after 2000, there were many attempts to lure Indian Muslim youths
for a terrorist organization. Initially, it was SIMI and then Indian Mujahidin,
who did many blasts and attacks in parts of India. Pakistan’s army couldn’t
forget 1971’s defeat. So, the Pakistani army is now using this proxy war tool.
During the Soviet
invasion in Afghanistan, Muslim youths from around the world joined mujahidin
forces, except India and Oman. But, this fact didn’t remain the same in the
case of IS. The first case of Indian youth joined IS from Maharashtra’s Thane
District. Four engineering students from Kalyan went to Iraq in May 2014 and
then joined IS. Two of them killed and one, Arif Majid, returned. Maharashtra
ATS detained him and filed charge sheet against him. As per 2017’s report of
the Ministry of Home Affairs, 75 Indian have joined IS.[xvi]
In 2015 NIA had arrested Nicky Joseph. She is an Indian origin British citizen.
In the same case, the security agency arrested Syed Moinuddin too. Both of them
used to do online radicalization through Facebook pages like Islam and
Christian, Moderatevs. liberal, who is real Islamist? Etc. Nicky Joseph had
data about 25 thousand youths, and around 500 youths were in touch of Nicky and
Moinuddin.[xvii]
Almost half of the arrested ISIS members from India have been linked to a
single online recruiter: Shafi Armar, also known as Yusuf-al-Hindi. Armar is a
Karnataka Native and is reportedly still alive and recruiting Indians virtually
from Syria.[xviii]
Many youths from Mumbai
tried to join Syria, in many ways. Especially, when it’s roots found in rural
part of Maharashtra, it was a thing to worry. Maharashtra ATS burst one module
from Hingoli and Parbhani district. One Zilla Parishad School teacher was the
first person of this module, who came in touch with IS. ATS arrested four
people of this module. They knew how to make a bomb and planned to make a bomb
blast in Aurangabad.[xix]
Another module had a link with a group from Hyderabad. Same way, there were few
independent persons from Mumbai had arrested, for their link with IS. Some
people underline about cultural changes in the region. The basic ideology of
Indian Muslim is Sufi. But, Arabian Culture has been increasing in the
Hyderabad region. People have been using words like Allah Hafij, Ramadan for
traditional words Khuda Hafij, Ramzan, etc.[xx]
Latest, NIA action was in Uttar Pradesh. On 26" December 2018 NIA burst
Harkat ul Harb e Islami module of the global terrorist group ISIS. In this
operation NIA arrested ten men, this group was planning suicide attacks and
serial blasts targeting politicians and government installations in Delhi and
north India. In connection with this module, NIA freshly conducted raids in
western UP and Punjab.[xxi]
Some
developments about State’s links about India:[xxii]
May 2014 - Thane
Engineering Students Joined IS after being radicalized online
June 2014 - 40 Indian
workers kidnapped by IS, 39 executed.
June 2014 - IS released
a map that included much of India as part of Caliphate
July 2014 - 46 Indian
nurses in Iraq kidnapped by IS
December 2014 - India
banned IS, under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA (1967)
December 2014 - Mehdi
Masroor Biswas arrested for operating pro-IS Twitter account that considered
one of the most influential IS account.
January 2015 - IS named
Hafiz Saeed Khan as wali leader of Khorasan, notice of official expansion into
the region.
May 2016 - IS released
a video featuring Indians for the first time, including one of the Thane
engineering student, Fahad Tanvir Sheikh, urging all Indian Muslims to join the
movement to grow the caliphate into India.
NIA raided a Suspected
ISIS cell in Hyderabad in June 2016 after discovering that the cell ordered
explosive precursors chemicals.
March 7, 2017 - a pipe
bomb exploded on a passenger train near Kalapipal, Madhya Pradesh. Four
suspects were interrogated,and evidence from their computer suggests they
radicalized online. The following day, the UP ATS engaged in a shootout in
Lucknow with the terror suspect Saifullah, whom they believed was a member of
the IS Khorasan cell.
April 2017 - UP ATS and
Delhi police special cell arrested three suspects from an ISIS cell, believed
to be actively recruiting. Use of Social Media and its Influence on Terrorism
Use
of Social Media and its Influence on Terrorism
IS has been used the
internet and social media as a new weapon, and therefore it becomes the most
dangerous terrorist organization. So it is underlined fact is that nowadays
social media such as the internet, whats up and other sources become the agent
of spreading violence, crime, and associated anti-social activities upon
society. It uses almost all forms of social media as well as; it has its
propaganda magazine, Dabigq, etc. In a recently published report for the United
Nations Development Program, RAND Europe found evidence of ISIS using social
media platforms like Twitter, Telegram and online propaganda magazines to
recruit, radicalize and co-ordinate attack in Africa.[xxiii]
Twitter was the most used a tool by IS. According to one statistics of 2014,
there were 45 thousand Twitter handles. Out of them, 73 percent had less than
500 followers. But, some handles had followers more than 80 thousand.[xxiv]
Almost all Indians, who
traveled to Syria, had radicalized through online material. According to one
report of IB about the internet, second-tier cities like Srinagar, Guwahati,
Chinchwad, and Unnao were in the top list, in which youth searches about ISIS.[xxv] To curb this impact, more than 270 websites
have been banned in India.[xxvi]
In today’s world of
technology, the internet is the most useful thing. But, it becomes the most
useful weapon for a terrorist organization to lure youths. It is a thing to
worry about every nation.
Efforts
of Deradicalization in Maharashtra
The dominant
understanding of radicalization as a process has led to the creation of a
corollary political agenda: how best to counter what is interpreted or indeed
socially constructed, as problematic challenges to the existing order of states
and societies. There is an emerging consensus among counter terrorism analysts
and practitioners that in order to defeat the threat posed by violent extremism
and terrorism there is a need to go beyond the use of intelligence and security
approaches and take measures to prevent the radicalization of gullible
individuals and rehabilitation of those who have already embraced the radical
ideology. In this context, de- radicalization has been defined as the process
of changing an individual’s belief system, rejecting the extremist ideology,
and embracing mainstream values.
With the challenge of
online radicalization of youths, efforts of deradicalization also played an
important role. Since the last four years, Maharashtra ATS have deradicalized
many youths,and they are now living with dignity in society. In June 2015, four
youth from Mira Road, a town near Mumbai, had been in contact with IS link.
Once it gets knew, with the help of their relatives and some religious persons,
ATS succeed to deradicalize them.[xxvii]
Till now, Maharashtra ATS has deradicalized
more than 350 Muslim youths, said Maharashtra ATS chief Atulchandra Kulkarni,
in an interview. He explained the deradicalization process, in the counseling
process, the role of family and friends is important. During this period, ATS
came to know that, most of these youth didn’t have a proper job. So, in 12
districts, under Rural Self- Employment Training Institute, it gave different
training to these youths. Also, it helped them to get finance from nationalized
banks. As of now, 40 youth have started their own business.[xxviii]
Strategies
in Practice
The most prominent
example of de-radicalization is the ‘softer deradicalization’ approach adopted
by the Saudi Arabian government post 9/11 after its counter-terrorism policy
which included counter-terrorist operations as well as widespread arrests and
execution of Al-Qaeda leaders proved fruitless. The Saudi government viewed the
struggle against violent extremism as a ‘war on ideas,’[xxix]
and the first stage of de-radicalization began inside the prisons through
religious re-education and counseling by clerics. It sought to treat the
terrorists as victims who were lied to and misled by extremists into straying
from true Islam. Further, as a counter-radicalization strategy, the Saudi
government established a peer leader system of academicians, judges, clerics,
and de-radicalized individuals to disseminate government driven
counter-narratives to radicals. To prevent the radicalization of the masses who
have not yet radicalized but who may sympathize with the extremist ideology or
do not condemn their beliefs, the Saudi government designed programs which
promoted and propagated a more judicious interpretation of religious doctrines.
Further, to deter radicalization, activities were created to keep the youth
busy and away from radicals. This latter part of the Saudi strategy can be
termed as anti-radicalization programs.
Similarly, Norway’s
EXIT program was intended at supporting young people who wanted to disengage
from radical racist and other violent extremist groups such as Neo-Nazis. This
program was managed by the local government in collaboration with civil society
to enable successful implementation and can be paraded as a de-radicalization
strategy. Singapore’s strategy to engage with minorities and call on religious
leaders to denounce extremism at an ideological level and promote moderate
interpretations is an example of counter-radicalization. A creative proposal
under counter-radicalization strategy in one instance is where under the German
EXIT program when free T-shirts with the logo of skull and bones with the title
‘Hardcore Rebels’ distributed at a concert where Neo-Nazis were in large
attendance; the logo and title faded after a wash and replaced by a hidden
title - ‘If your T-shirts can change, so can you?” Lastly, the development of
course curriculum taught in schools which uphold values of non violence,
peaceful co-existence and tolerance by United States of America, United
Kingdom, Austria,and the Netherlands is an illustration of a basic anti-
radicalization program.
Such distinction among
strategies, however, has not been factored in by the policymakers in India as
can be seen through a prima facie analysis of the ‘de-radicalization programme’
rolled out by the Maharashtra government in February 2016.[xxx]
In comparison to the Saudi strategy, the Maharashtra plan seems like a feeble,
imprudent and absent- minded attempt. The plan focuses on increasing the rate
of inclusion of the minority community”° in the mainstream by making activities
in the National Cadet Corps and Bharat Scouts and Guides mandatory in minority
schools, teaching all religious texts in minority schools, teaching values of
democracy and demerits of dictatorship in Urdu schools and development of
minority areas into urban smart clusters etc. It should be noted that none of
the above-listed programs fall under the definition of ‘de-radicalization’ and are
at best forms of ‘anti-radicalization’ programs. Such misnomers in
policy-making can, in practice; lead to the realization of the cobra effect
whereby the policy results in the exact opposite of what was intended.
It should also be
factored in that a belief in the radical ideology may not necessarily be
religious, as the motivating factor may be political or social. In the Indian
context, left-wing extremism, as well as separatist movements in the North
East, is glaring examples. Any policy that seeks to combat radicalization would
need to grasp the subjectivity and tailor its points accordingly at all levels
ranging from prevention of radicalization to disengagement and subsequently,
reversal of radicalization.
Lessons
from the West
The West, in its fight
against Islamic terror since 9/11 and the more recent threat of so-called
‘lone-wolf’ attackers radicalized by the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)
over the internet, has been forced to re-examine its approach to counter
terrorism. Intelligence gathering and law enforcement have undoubtedly played
their role, but in the fight against “homegrown terrorism,” the United States
adopted a revised strategy in 2011, under then President Barack Obama’s
administration, to create a multi-dimensional, multi-stakeholder approach via
community networks and governmental-non-governmental collaboration, that could
play a role in Countering Violent Extremism, or CVE. In a policy paper entitled
“Empowering Local Partners to Prevent Violent Extremism in the United States,”
the administration used the term CVE to describe initiatives aimed at reducing
the spread of violent ideologies. The rationale for the CVE programme in the
United States was and continues to be, to find ways to prevent radical
(Islamic) extremism from taking root in communities and prevent the recruitment
of young Muslims into terrorist groups, especially Al-Qaeda and _ ISIS.
America’s 2006 National Security Strategy had already underlined the need for
long-run success against terrorism by fighting “a battle of ideas.” The US
government defines CVE as “efforts focused on preventing all forms of
ideologically based extremist violence, on including prevention of successful
recruitment into terrorist groups. It is distinct from disruptive actions which
focus on stopping acts of terrorism by those who have already subscribed to
violence.” [2]
Conclusion
The need for local
communities to be networked into the larger CVE effort—via social media, better
communication between all stakeholders on the ground, and those in
government—is a key imperative today. In this regard, a more detailed study is
invaluable, but the role of women as agents in an effective CVE policy in India
is crucial. Women as educators and women as partners in development, health,
and politics go a long way in ensuring a vocabulary of peace. [38] Any
government would be remiss in not involving them in CVE efforts. Internet, you
tube and other social media platforms are now new challenges. So, we need to be
more careful, said Pro. Shamsuddin Tamboli, Muslim thinker and President of
Muslim Satyashodhak Mandal. In the deradicalization process, the role of the
religious leader is important, and they could explain the real meaning of
religion to these youth, says Atulchandra Kulkarni. Use local police and law
enforcement to discourage or actively prevent those at risk of engaging in
terrorism. It is indeed to sensitize wider communities about racial, linguistic
and cultural differences and the need for harmony amongst them. Effective
collaboration with NGOs, schools, community centers, and religious
organizations are essential to reduce, mitigate or eliminate the terrorism
which eradicate peace and harmony in the life of the people in anywhere and
everywhere.
[ii]
International Terrorism : Challenge and Response - D. R. Goyal International
Terrorism and Religious Extremism, Ed. Mahavir Singh, Anamika Publishers,
Published in 2004.
[iii]
Returns of Holy War, An Anatomy of Terror - A history of Terrorism, Andrew
Sinclair, Macmillan Publication, Published in 2003.
[iv]
Ibid
[v]
War Against The Islamic State: Political and Strategic Implications - Talmiz
Ahmad, ISIS - The Challenge and the Response, Ed. - Shrikant Paranjpe, YCNISDA,
Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, Kalinga Publication, New Delhi,
Published in 2015.
[vi]
Good Muslim Bad Muslim - Islam, America aani Dahshatviroshi Yuddha Yanbabat
Sakshepi Vivechan, Mahmood Mamdani, Translation by Pushpa Bhave, Milind
Champanerkar, Rohan Publication, Published in 2014.
[vii]
Ibid
[viii]
The Shia-Sunni Divide, CFR Available at - http://www.cfr.
org/peace-conflict-and-human-rights/sunni-shia-divide/ p33176#!/
[ix]
The ISIS Threat and Indian Security, R. R. Palsokar, ISIS - The Challenge and
the Response, Ed. - Shrikant Paranjpe, YCNISDA, Savitribai Phule Pune
University Pune, Kalinga Publication, New Delhi, Published in 2015
[x]
The believer, by William McCant, Available at http://
www.brookings.edu/research/essays/2015/thebeliever (accessed on 01/09/2015)
[xi]
ISIScha Udrek aani Tyache Maharashtra varil Parinam, Madhuban Pingle,
Publication - Rambhau Mhalagi Prabodhini, Published in 2017
[xii]
Islamic State Has Lost Control of All Its Territory in Iraq and 99% of Its
Territory in Syria, Published on 24 December 2018,
https://www.cnsnews.com/news/
article/cnsnewscom-staff/ig-islamic-state-has-lost-
control-all-its-territory-iraq-and-99-its (accessed on 18-01-2019)
[xiii]
Islamic State Returns to Guerrilla Tactics as it loses Territory, The Wall Street
Journal, Published on 17 January 18, 2019 https://www.wsj.com/articls/Islamic-
state-returns-to-gurilla-tactics-as-it-loses-territory- 11547758644 (accessed
on 18-01-2019)
[xiv]
HeadofIslamicStateinAfghanistankilled, governmentsays, Published on 27 August
2018, https://www.indiatoday.
in/world/story/head-of-islamic-state-in-afghanistan-
killed-government-says-1323621-2018-08-27 (accessed on 18-01-2019)
[xv]
The Islamic State A struggle within Islam - Rajendra Abhyankar, ISIS - The
Challenge and the Response, Ed. - Shrikant Paranjpe, YCNISDA, Savitribai Phule
Pune University Pune, Kalinga Publication, New Delhi, Published in 2015
[xvi]
India and the Fight Against Islamic State, By Natalie Tecimer, published on 14
June 2017, https://thediplomat. com/2017/06/india-and-the-fight-against-islamic-state/
(accessed on 18-01-2019)
[xvii]
ISIS recruiter has data of 25,000 Indian Muslim youth. Available at
http://www.sunday-guardian.com/
investigation/isis-recruiter-has-data-of-25000-indian- muslim-youth (accessed
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